Generated by All in One SEO v4.9.9, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # City Life to Farm Life Helping Chicken Owners Raise Happy, Healthy Flocks ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [17 Herbs for Happy Healthy Chickens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/herbs-for-chickens/) - Raising backyard chickens is a rewarding hobby, and keeping your flock healthy and happy is essential. One great way to enhance the well-being of your chickens is by incorporating a variety of herbs into their environment and diet. From aromatic herbs that repel insects to those that boost the immune system, there are a lot of herbs that offer significant health benefits for your feathered friends. Here’s - [200+ Fun and Creative Chicken Names](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/fun-and-creative-chicken-names/) - Whether you're looking for funny, cute, punny, old lady names, or classic names, there are endless possibilities to explore. - [Understanding Pasty Butt in Baby Chicks](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/understanding-pasty-butt-in-baby-chicks/) - Pasty butt, also known as pasted vent or pasted butt, is a condition where dried feces accumulate around a chick's vent area, obstructing the passage. - [Essential Guide to Feeding Baby Chicks](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/essential-guide-to-feeding-baby-chicks/) - Raising baby chickens from the moment they hatch is a rewarding experience, but it requires careful attention to their nutritional needs and environment. If you’ve just welcomed your first chicks, whether you hatched them, or picked them up from a local feed store, you’re likely wondering what the best way is to feed and care for them. This guide covers what to feed baby - [Polish Chicken Breed Guide for Backyard Flocks](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/polish-chicken-breed/) - Some chicken breeds steal your heart quietly. Polish chickens do not. They arrive with a poof of feathers, a kind of glamorous crown perched on the top of their heads, and an energy that says, “Yes, I know I’m a pretty bird.” I got my first two Polish hens this fall, and I am officially - [Chicken Superfoods: Boosting Your Flock’s Health Naturally](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/chicken-superfoods/) - If you’re like me, you want the absolute best for your backyard chickens. I’ve spent plenty of time in my chicken coop watching my girls peck around, and I’ve learned that a balanced diet is one of the most important parts of keeping them healthy and happy. Today’s chickens need more than just scratch grains - [What Do Chickens Eat? A Complete Guide to Feeding Your Flock](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-do-chickens-eat/) - Ensuring your feathered friends receive a balanced diet is essential for their health, egg production, and overall well-being. - [Why You Should Ferment Your Chickens Feed](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/why-you-should-ferment-your-chickens-feed/) - Fermenting chicken feed has become a hot topic among chicken keepers. While it may seem like a strange process, it’s similar to making sourdough bread (anyone else also in their sourdough era?) and offers many benefits for both you and your flock. The fermentation process breaks down antinutrients, increases nutrient absorption, and creates a feed - [What to Feed Chickens When Out of Chicken Feed?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-to-feed-chickens-when-out-of-chicken-feed/) - Running out of chicken feed can be stressful, but luckily, there are plenty of alternative options to keep your flock healthy and productive. - [18 Possible Reasons Your Chickens Aren’t Laying Eggs](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/reasons-your-chickens-arent-laying/) - If you keep backyard chickens long enough, there will almost certainly be a moment when you walk out to the chicken coop, open the nesting boxes, and find… nothing. No fresh eggs. Just an empty nest and a lot of questions. This is one of the most common concerns among chicken owners, especially those who - [How to Sprout Grains and Lentils for Chicken Fodder](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/chicken-fodder/) - When the world outside is covered in snow and your flock can’t free range, sprouting grains is a great way to give them a taste of fresh greens right from your kitchen. It takes very little effort, and the reward is huge, nutrient-rich sprouts your hens will absolutely love. This is something I’ve started doing - [Homemade Flock Block for Chickens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/homemade-flock-block-for-chickens/) - A homemade flock block is a great way to provide your flock with a delicious treat packed with nutrients. - [31 Christmas Gift Ideas for Chicken Lovers](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/christmas-gift-ideas-for-chicken-lovers/) - As the holiday season approaches, it's time to start thinking about finding the best gifts for the chicken lovers in your life. Whether they're seasoned chicken keepers, just starting out with their backyard flock, or a crazy chicken lady like me, I've compiled a list of 31 Christmas gift ideas sure to delight any passionate poultry enthusiast. From practical tools to quirky accessories, there's something - [Warm Mash for Chickens: A Cozy Winter Treat](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/warm-mash-for-chickens/) - When cold weather rolls in, a warm mash is one of the best ways to give your backyard chickens an extra boost of warmth and nutrition. It’s simple, comforting, and feels a little like making breakfast for your feathered family. If you’ve ever wondered what should go into a warm mash, how it supports your - [Easy Ways to Keep Chicken Water from Freezing](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/keep-chicken-water-from-freezing/) - As winter approaches and temperatures drop, it's essential to ensure your backyard chickens have access to fresh, unfrozen water. - [How Cold Can Chickens Tolerate in the Winter?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-cold-can-chickens-tolerate/) - The cold tolerance of our feathered friends depends on several factors, including the breed, age, health, and acclimatization to cold conditions. - [Can You Use Pine Shavings for Chickens? ](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-you-use-pine-shavings-for-chickens/) - When it comes to creating a healthy and comfortable environment for backyard chickens, choosing the right bedding is one of the most important decisions for chicken owners. Among the various chicken bedding materials available, pine shavings are a popular option. But are pine shavings the best bedding option for your flock? Let’s explore the pros - [The Dangers of Using a Heat Lamp for Your Chickens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/the-dangers-of-using-a-heat-lamp-for-your-chickens/) - Using a heat lamp for your chickens is dangerous. Period. Every year, I read story after story about heat lamps causing fires. When I first started raising backyard chickens, I naively used a heat lamp in our chick brooder. That ended when the heat lamp fell inside the brooder. Luckily, I was in the room - [Can Chickens Freeze to Death?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-freeze-to-death/) - Raising backyard chickens through the winter months can be challenging, especially when temperatures drop to extreme cold. A common concern among chicken keepers is whether chickens can freeze to death. I had this exact thought when we decided to raise backyard chickens while living in Wisconsin. While chickens are hardy creatures, cold conditions, if not - [Backyard Chicken Seasonal Care and Chicken Coop Maintenance](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/seasonal-care-and-chicken-coop-maintenance/) - Raising backyard chickens is a rewarding experience, but keeping your feathered friends happy and healthy requires year-round attention to their care and environment. Regular maintenance of your chicken coop and seasonal adjustments can go a long way in ensuring your flock thrives through all weather conditions. Let’s break down the best practices for daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal care to maintain a clean and comfortable environment for - [Why is My Chicken’s Comb Turning Black?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/why-is-my-chickens-comb-turning-black/) - A chicken’s comb is a critical indicator of its health. A healthy comb is typically bright red and smooth, reflecting proper blood flow, body heat regulation, and overall wellness. But when a chicken’s comb turns black, it’s often a sign of an underlying issue. Let’s explore the possible causes, signs to watch for, and preventative - [Frostbite in Chickens: Signs and Prevention](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/frostbite-in-chickens/) - Winter months bring challenges for backyard chicken keepers, especially in cold climates where frostbite can affect your flock. I live in Wisconsin, so every winter I have this fear for my flock. Especially because I've had a few hens show early signs of frostbite in the past! Frostbite occurs when tissue freezes due to prolonged exposure to bitterly cold temperatures, - [How to Winterize Your Chicken Coop and Run](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-to-winterize-your-chicken-coop-and-run/) - Winterizing your chicken setup is vital to protect your hens from the cold, snow, drafts, and potential health issues. - [Best Bedding Options for Chickens in the Winter](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/best-bedding-options-for-chickens-in-the-winter/) - As the cold weather approaches, it's crucial for chicken owners to ensure that their feathered friends stay warm, comfortable, and healthy. - [Do Chickens Need Extra Light in the Winter?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/do-chickens-need-extra-light-in-the-winter/) - As winter days grow shorter, backyard chicken keepers often debate whether adding supplemental lighting to their coops is a good idea. While some believe artificial lighting is essential to maintain egg production, others (like me) argue that providing extra light during the colder months disrupts the natural process of your feathered friends. Let’s explore the pros and cons to help chicken owners make informed decisions for their hens. Understanding the Role of Daylight - [How to Keep Chickens Warm in Winter Without Electricity](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-to-keep-chickens-warm-in-winter-without-electricity/) - Winter can be a challenging time for chicken keepers, especially in cold climates where temperatures drop significantly. I live in Wisconsin, where we are known to have brutal winters. I’m a transplant, and during my first winter here, we had a stretch of several weeks where the temperatures stayed around -20F. NEGATIVE 20F. What was I thinking moving - [Chicken Molting: What It Is, Why It Happens, and How to Help](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/chicken-molting/) - As the days grow shorter and the pace of life slows, I’m reminded that even my chickens follow nature’s rhythm. Each year, when the feathers start to fall and egg baskets grow lighter, it’s their signal to rest and renew. The molting season is a time of quiet transformation, a gentle reminder that growth often - [What Not to Feed Your Chickens: 21 Things to Avoid](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-not-to-feed-your-chickens/) - It's crucial to understand that chickens have specific dietary requirements, and not everything is suitable for them to eat. What not to feed your chickens. - [The Essential Guide to Chicken Dust Bath Ingredients](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/the-essential-guide-to-chicken-dust-bath-ingredients/) - Backyard chicken keeping is a rewarding venture that comes with its set of responsibilities. One aspect that often goes overlooked is the importance of providing a suitable dust bath area for your feathered friends. Dust bathing is a natural behavior for chickens, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining their health and well-being. In - [How to Use First Saturday Lime for Chickens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/first-saturday-lime/) - When you raise backyard chickens, you’re always looking for ways to keep your flock healthy without loading the coop with toxic chemicals. That’s where First Saturday Lime comes in. It’s a natural product that’s been making waves in the chicken-keeping world (and even landed on Shark Tank!). I’ve been using it for the past year - [Water Belly in Chickens: My Experience & What You Need to Know](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/water-belly-in-chickens/) - If you keep backyard chickens like I do, you know how quickly you get attached to each one. They're not just birds—they’re pets, companions, and part of the family. Recently, one of my hens, Lucy, developed a swollen abdomen. At first, I hoped it was something minor, but after some research and a little hands-on - [50 Fun Facts About Chickens That’ll Make You Love Them Even More](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/50-fun-facts-about-chickens/) - Backyard chickens aren’t just egg machines; they’re complex creatures, full of fascinating quirks and surprising facts. Whether you’re a seasoned chicken keeper or a brand-new chicken lover, these fun facts will give you plenty to cluck about. Egg-citing Egg Facts The color of the egg is linked to the hen’s earlobes: white earlobes = white - [Understanding Bird Flu in Chickens: Symptoms and Prevention](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/bird-flu-in-chickens/) - As a chicken keeper or bird enthusiast, you’ve likely heard of bird flu or avian flu. It’s a scary-sounding disease, and rightfully so—it can spread quickly and cause devastating losses. But don’t worry! With the right knowledge and practices, you can keep your flock safe and healthy. Let’s talk about what bird flu is, the signs to watch - [Everything You Wanted to Know About Chicken Combs and Wattles](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/chicken-combs-and-wattles/) - When you look at the top of a chicken’s head, one of the first things you notice is that funny red fleshy growth, the comb, and dangling below the beak, the wattles. To new chicken keepers, they might look a little odd, but trust me, these features play an important role in the life of - [The Pros and Cons of Raising Backyard Chickens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/pros-and-cons-of-backyard-chickens/) - I absolutely love and adore my flock. Their unique personalities and quirky behaviors bring me so much joy every day. Watching them peck around the yard, take dust baths, and interact with one another is endlessly entertaining. But as much as I love them, I have to admit—keeping chickens can be a lot of work too. - [When do Chickens Begin Laying Eggs and How to Support Them](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/when-do-chickens-begin-laying-eggs-and-how-to-support-them/) - Understanding when your feathered friends will start to lay eggs is crucial for chicken keepers to know. - [Do Chickens Have Periods? Unpacking Egg-Laying](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/do-chickens-have-periods/) - If you’ve ever wondered whether chickens have periods, the answer lies in understanding their unique reproductive cycle. While the process is different from a human menstrual cycle, a chicken’s egg-laying process can be thought of as a distant equivalent. Let’s delve deeper into the fascinating world of chicken biology, from their reproductive system to the journey of eggs from - [Henopause: What Happens When Your Hens Stop Laying?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/henopause/) - We talk a lot about egg production when it comes to backyard chickens, but what happens when your hens start slowing down… or even stop altogether? Yep, just like humans, chickens go through a version of menopause, often called henopause. And it’s not just the hens; some people even chat about henopausal ducks, too! As - [Choosing the Best Egg-Laying Chickens for Your Flock](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/choosing-the-best-egg-laying-chickens-for-your-flock/) - When it comes to raising chickens for eggs, selecting the right breed is crucial. - [Top Chicken Breeds for Every Need: Find the Perfect Fit for Your Flock](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/top-chicken-breeds-for-every-need/) - When you’re first starting out with backyard chickens (or even if you’re adding to your backyard flock), the number one question is: Which breed should I get? With so many options, it can feel overwhelming. Some chickens are egg-laying machines, some are lap pets, and some are just plain hilarious to watch. I’ve put together my guide to - [Do Chickens Smell? Keeping a Clean Coop](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/do-chickens-smell/) - First things first, yes, chickens do produce waste, and yes, it can have an odor. However, with proper care and cleaning, the odors are minimal. - [How to Get Rid of Vent Gleet in Chickens (From Someone Who’s Been There, Scrubbed That)](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/vent-gleet-in-chickens/) - Let’s talk about something most backyard chicken keepers don’t expect to deal with: vent gleet. Sounds like a medieval curse, right? Unfortunately, it’s a real (and gross) condition that can affect our sweet, fluffy butts, especially if stress, heat, or imbalances in the digestive system are involved. I’ll walk you through what it is, how - [Creating an Evening Wind-Down Routine: A Gentle End to a Full Day](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/creating-an-evening-wind-down-routine/) - By the end of the day, my brain is usually full. Sometimes it's spinning with ideas, sometimes it's tangled in to-do lists that I didn’t finish. But that’s when I know it’s time to ease into my evening wind-down routine. Much like I shared in my post How to Embrace Slow Mornings: A Gentle Start - [Why Boredom Can Be a Good Thing](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/why-boredom-can-be-a-good-thing/) - Let’s talk about boredom. Yep, that uncomfortable feeling we’re all quick to chase away with a scroll through our social media feed or a quick round of video games. For most of my life, I thought boredom was a bad thing. A waste of time. A signal that I wasn’t doing enough. But as I’ve - [Creating a Gentle Daily Rhythm: Finding Peace in the Flow of Real Life](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/your-gentle-daily-rhythm/) - Today, as I sipped my coffee in the quiet of the morning, I realized something powerful: I’m living one of my dream days. And it didn’t happen by accident; it’s the result of slowly shaping my days to reflect my values, not someone else’s version of productivity. I used to think routines had to be - [Your Body is Wise. Are You Listening?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/your-body-is-wise/) - There was a time I thought I was doing everything “right”. Checking off the boxes, staying busy, pushing through. But underneath it all, I was exhausted. Not just tired, but drained in a way that sleep couldn’t fix. And it wasn’t until I paused and took a deep breath that I realized I hadn’t been - [Top Heat-Tolerant Chicken Breeds: Thriving in Hot Climates](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/top-heat-tolerant-chicken-breeds-thriving-in-hot-climates/) - Raising chickens in sunny and hot weather comes with a unique set of challenges. Knowing which breeds are heat-tolerant is key - [Gentle Seasonal Living: Aligning with Nature’s Rhythms](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/gentle-seasonal-living/) - Have you ever noticed how your energy shifts with the seasons? Maybe you feel a fresh surge of motivation in April or a desire to slow down as the crisp air of autumn rolls in. That’s not just a coincidence, it’s your body responding to the natural rhythms of the Earth. The idea of seasonal living is a gentle reminder that - [Life Lessons from the Coop: What My Chickens Have Taught Me](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-my-chickens-have-taught-me/) - Several years ago, when I brought home my first baby chicks, I had no idea just how much they would change my life. As a first-time chicken mama, I expected fresh eggs, a little extra compost, and maybe some funny clucking in the background while I sipped my coffee. But what I didn't expect were - [Mindful Technology Use: Creating a Healthier Balance in Today’s Digital Age](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/mindful-technology-use/) - Let me start with a confession: there are days when I pick up my smartphone without even thinking. I’ll be in the middle of something like folding laundry, waiting for water to boil, or even when a commercial interrupt whatever I am watching and suddenly I’m deep in a rabbit hole of social media use - [The Art of Saying No, Without Guilt](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/saying-no-without-guilt/) - I used to say yes to everything: extra work, new projects, last-minute favors, and every Friday night plan. I thought being available all the time made me a good person. A team player. A good friend. A dependable daughter. But over time, I realized that pleasing others at the expense of my own well-being wasn't - [10 Benefits of Engaging in Slow Living](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/benefits-of-slow-living/) - My journey into slow living began when I transitioned from the constant buzz of city life to the quiet rhythm of a small farm. At first, the silence felt unfamiliar, almost unsettling. But over time, I began to hear myself again—to reconnect with the things that truly mattered. I traded traffic jams for morning birdsong, - [Burnout Recovery: A Guide to Healing from Chronic Stress and Mental Exhaustion](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/burnout-recovery/) - Let me start by saying: if you're here because you're mentally exhausted, running on fumes, or silently wondering if it’s normal to feel this drained every day… I see you. I've been there. Burnout can sneak in so quietly that we don’t realize how far we’ve pushed ourselves until everything feels like too much, even - [How to Embrace Slow Mornings: A Gentle Start to a Better Day](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-to-embrace-slow-mornings/) - In our fast-paced world, the morning rush has become the norm. We wake up to buzzing alarms, reach for our phones, and dive headfirst into social media before our feet even hit the floor. But what if there was a better way—a conscious choice that could transform your entire day? Welcome to the world of - [9 Things to Consider When Moving From the City to the Country](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/things-to-consider-when-moving-from-the-city-to-the-country/) - If you're considering moving from the city to the country, there are definitely some things you will want to consider before moving to the country. - [How Well Water and City Water Affect Your Hair](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/well-water-vs-city-water-for-hair/) - Well water and city water both affect our hair health. If you take the right steps to protect your hair, you will have no issues maintaining your lovely locks. - [Everything You Need to Know About Chicken Poop](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-chicken-poop/) - Believe it or not, a crucial aspect of poultry health is understanding and monitoring their droppings. Chicken poop can reveal a lot about their overall health - [Understanding the Grief of Losing a Pet Chicken](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/grief-of-losing-a-pet-chicken/) - If you've recently lost a backyard chicken, whether it was your first chicken or a beloved member of a long-time flock, I want you to know you're not alone. The death of a pet chicken can be just as heartbreaking as losing any other family member. As chicken keepers, we grow deeply attached to these - [34 Mother's Day Gift Ideas for Chicken Moms](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/mothers-day-gift-ideas-for-chicken-moms/) - As Mother's Day approaches, it's time to celebrate the amazing women in our lives who nurture not only their families but also their beloved flocks of feathered friends. If you have a chicken-keeping mom, you know that her passion for her feathered companions is as strong as her love for her human family. This Mother's - [Feeding Your Chickens Red Pepper Flakes: Myth vs Reality](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/feeding-your-chickens-red-pepper-flakes/) - The idea of adding red pepper flakes to chicken feed has gained popularity among backyard chicken enthusiasts, sparking a range of claims about its potential benefits. But how much of what you’ve heard is fact, and how much is fiction? We'll explore the myths and realities of feeding red pepper flakes to chickens, backed by - [Can Chickens Eat Spaghetti Squash? The Benefits and Risks](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-spaghetti-squash/) - Spaghetti squash, a member of the gourd family, offers a plethora of health benefits for chickens. - [Cream Legbar Chickens: My Favorite Blue Egg Layers](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/cream-legbar-chickens/) - As a chicken keeper, I have had the joy of raising many different chicken breeds, but few have stolen my heart quite like my two Cream Legbar chickens. These birds are some of my absolute favorites in my flock, not only because of their friendly personalities but also because they lay the most beautiful blue - [Can Chickens Eat Strawberries and Their Leaves?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-strawberries-and-their-leaves/) - Can chickens eat strawberries and their leaves? If you grow your own strawberries and have backyard chickens, you may have wondered this very thing. - [Pioneer Chicken Breeds: A Comprehensive Guide](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/pioneer-chicken-breeds/) - A pioneer chicken breed refers to a traditional breed of chicken that often possesses traits that have been preserved over generations. - [The Colorful World of the Dixie Rainbow Chicken Breed](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/dixie-rainbow-chicken-breed/) - In the world of chicken breeds, there's a kaleidoscope of colors, sizes, and eggshell hues to discover. Among the myriad options, Dixie Rainbow chickens stand out as vibrant, versatile, and beloved by backyard enthusiasts and small-scale farmers alike. Let's discover the fascinating world of Dixie Rainbow chickens, exploring their unique traits, egg production capabilities, and why they've become such popular choices for poultry - [The 15 Best Chicken Breeds for Foraging and Free-Ranging](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/the-15-best-chicken-breeds-for-foraging-and-free-ranging/) - Free-ranging chickens can give them a more natural and fulfilling lifestyle and also contribute to healthier and more flavorful eggs. - [The 15 Best Backyard Chicken Breeds for Beginners](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/best-backyard-chicken-breeds-for-beginners/) - It can be overwhelming for beginners to navigate the world of backyard chickens. That's why I've compiled a list of the 15 best chicken breeds for beginners. - [Want a Colorful Egg Basket? Chickens That Lay Colored Eggs](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/chickens-that-lay-colored-eggs/) - The color of a chicken's eggshell is primarily determined by genetics, specifically the breed of chicken. - [Chicken Breeds That Lay Blue Eggs](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/chicken-breeds-that-lay-blue-eggs/) - Did you know that certain chicken breeds can lay blue eggs? I didn’t, and I find it quite magical. Not only are the blue eggs special, but so are the chickens that lay them. If you're raising a backyard flock or thinking about starting one, adding chickens that lay blue eggs is a fun way to bring variety and a - [Discover Your Chicken Zodiac Sign!](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/cluckstrology-quiz/) - Are you ready to explore the mystical world of Cluckstrology? Whether you’re a backyard chicken keeper, an astrology enthusiast, or just someone who loves quirky, fun ideas, this is for you! Cluckstrology is the ultimate chicken-themed zodiac system, where each sign embodies the unique personality and traits of different chicken breeds. - [Rising Egg Prices and Backyard Chickens: Is It Time to Start Your Own Flock?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/rising-egg-prices-and-backyard-chickens/) - If you’ve been to the grocery store recently, you’ve likely noticed the record-breaking price of eggs. It’s no secret that egg price increases have been hitting consumers hard, with near record-breaking increases leaving many wondering what’s behind the rising cost of eggs. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average price of a - [Can Chickens Eat Rice?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-rice/) - As a backyard chicken owner, I’m always looking for nutritious options to keep my feathered friends happy and healthy. One question I get a lot from fellow flock owners is: Can chickens eat rice? The short answer? Yes, but with some considerations. Let’s break it down! The Benefits of Rice in a Chicken’s Diet Rice grains can be a great addition to your chickens’ diet when fed in small - [Marek's Disease in Chickens: Signs, Symptoms, and Prevention](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/mareks-disease-in-chickens-signs-symptoms-and-prevention/) - Marek's disease is a viral illness caused by the highly contagious Marek's disease virus (MDV), a type of herpesvirus. It primarily affects young chickens, but - [Do Owls Eat Chickens? A Guide for Poultry Owners](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/do-owls-eat-chickens/) - Owls are fascinating birds of prey known for their sharp talons, powerful beaks, and silent flight. For chicken owners like myself, understanding the potential threat posed by owls and other aerial predators is crucial to keeping a flock safe. While owls are not the most common chicken predators, they can still pose a risk, especially - [How to Keep Flies Out of the Chicken Coop](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-to-keep-flies-out-of-the-chicken-coop/) - If you’re raising backyard chickens, you’re likely familiar with the seasonal battle of trying to control the fly population in and around the chicken coop. Flies can become a serious problem, especially during the warm and humid days of the summer months. Aside from being a nuisance, flies can pose health risks to your chickens, - [Keep Gnats Out of Your Chicken Coop: Natural Remedies and Essential Tips](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/keep-gnats-out-of-your-chicken-coop/) - As someone who keeps backyard chickens, I can’t stand how gnats invade my chicken coop, especially during late spring and early summer when it seems like they’re everywhere. Buffalo gnats, black flies, and those pesky little biting insects are more than just an annoyance—they’re a nightmare for me and my flock. These tiny predators don’t - [What Time of Day do Chickens Lay Eggs?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-time-of-day-do-chickens-lay-eggs/) - As backyard chicken keeping gains popularity, many enthusiasts find themselves curious about what time of day chickens lay eggs. - [Can Guinea Fowl and Chickens Breed?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-guinea-fowl-and-chickens-breed/) - Guinea fowl and backyard chickens stand out for their unique roles on the farm. One intriguing question that often arises is can guinea fowl and chickens breed. - [Can Guineas and Chickens Live Together?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-guineas-and-chickens-live-together/) - Raising guineas and chickens together is a popular choice for small farms and backyard flocks, but is it a good idea? - [Dark Brown Egg Layers](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/dark-brown-egg-layers/) - If you’re a backyard chicken enthusiast, you’ve probably pondered the colors of eggs that your feathered friends can produce. While you might be familiar with classic white eggs or the whimsical green eggs from Easter Eggers, dark brown eggs have a special charm all their own. Let’s take a closer look at what makes egg - [Can Chickens Eat Ham?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-ham/) - As a chicken keeper, it’s natural to wonder what food items you can safely share with your flock. One common question that arises is, “Can chickens eat ham?” While it may seem like a delicious treat for your chickens, it’s essential to consider the nutritional value and health implications. Ham: A Good Treat or a - [Why You Should be Feeding Your Chickens Eggshells](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/why-you-should-be-feeding-your-chickens-eggshells/) - If you're a chicken keeper or manage your own flock, you've likely heard about the importance of calcium in your hens’ diet. A healthy laying hen needs a consistent supply of calcium to ensure strong eggshell production and avoid health issues. One simple method to provide this much-needed nutrient is to feed your chickens crushed eggshells. Not only does this offer an additional calcium source, but it can - [How Long Can Chickens Go Without Food?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-long-can-chickens-go-without-food/) - Like all living things, chickens require a constant supply of food and water to maintain good health and productivity. The length of time chickens can go without food depends on various factors, such as age, weather conditions, and overall health. It’s essential to provide regular feeding to ensure the well-being of your flock, especially for - [How Long Can Chickens Go Without Water?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-long-can-chickens-go-without-water/) - Chickens use water to regulate body temperature, aid in digestion, and support overall health. The amount of water chickens need depends on various factors. - [How to Stop Chickens from Pulling Out Feathers](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-to-stop-chickens-from-pulling-out-feathers/) - Feather pecking, feather picking, or feather plucking is a common issue in backyard flocks that can lead to severe feather damage, open wounds, and even death if not properly addressed. Understanding the possible causes and implementing effective management practices are crucial for maintaining the health and well-being of your flock members. Understanding Feather Pecking and Its Causes Feather pecking can occur in birds of any age and can - [The Ultimate Bug Buffet: What Bugs Do Chickens Eat?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-bugs-do-chickens-eat/) - Feeding chickens bugs isn't just a tasty treat—it's also a great way to enhance their diet and overall health. - [Understanding the Chicken Pecking Order](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/understanding-the-chicken-pecking-order/) - The chicken pecking order is a hierarchical system that governs the interactions and relationships among flock members. - [Can Chickens Eat Cat Food? A Comprehensive Guide](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-cat-food/) - As chicken owners, we often wonder about the best way to provide a nutritious diet for our feathered friends. A well-rounded diet is crucial for optimal health and strong eggshells. One question that frequently arises is whether chickens can eat cat food. In this article, we'll explore the potential benefits and risks of incorporating cat - [Keeping Skunks Away from Your Chickens: Effective Strategies](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/keep-skunks-away-from-your-chickens/) - Skunks are a significant nuisance for backyard chicken keepers. They prey on young chickens, steal eggs, and can spread diseases. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to protect your chickens from skunks using various strategies and understanding skunk behavior. Understanding Skunk Behavior Skunks, particularly the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and spotted skunk, are nocturnal and have a keen sense of smell. They - [Can Chickens Eat Parsley?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-parsley/) - As a chicken owner, you might often wonder about the best ways to enhance your flock's diet. Incorporating culinary herbs like parsley into chickens' feeds can provide a range of health benefits. This blog post explores the nutritional value of parsley, its benefits for chicken health, and practical tips on how to include it in - [What do Chickens Like to Play With?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-do-chickens-like-to-play-with/) - Keeping backyard chickens is not only about egg production but also about ensuring the well-being of your feathered friends. Providing environmental enrichment is a great way to promote natural behaviors and mental stimulation in your backyard flock, especially in the winter months. Chickens are curious creatures that thrive when they have plenty of opportunities to - [Do Black Chickens Keep Hawks Away? Protecting Your Flock](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/do-black-chickens-keep-hawks-away-protecting-your-flock/) - Hawks and other birds of prey pose a serious threat to free-range chickens, making it crucial for poultry owners to implement effective measures. - [Do Racoons Eat Chickens: Protecting Your Backyard Chickens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/do-racoons-eat-chickens/) - Raccoons, with their nimble fingers, sharp claws, and excellent climbing abilities, pose a significant risk to backyard chickens and their coops - [13 Ways to Protect Your Chickens from Predators](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/protect-your-chickens-from-predators/) - As chicken owners, it is up to us to keep our feathered friends safe from predators. Here are 13 ways to protect your chickens from predators. - [What Animals Kill Chickens Without Eating Them?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-animals-kill-chickens-without-eating-them/) - Determining what killed your chickens can be crucial for implementing appropriate preventive measures to protect your remaining flock - [Can Chickens Contract Rabies?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-contract-rabies/) - I worry about my chickens way more than I ever thought I would! One question that has crossed my mind is, "Can chickens contract rabies?" - [Caring for Silkie Chickens: The Ultimate Guide](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/caring-for-silkie-chickens-the-ultimate-guide/) - With their unique appearance, fluffy feathers, and friendly nature, silkies make excellent pets for both beginners and experienced chicken keepers alike. - [How Long do Chickens Sleep?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-long-do-chickens-sleep/) - Chickens, those charming cluckers in our backyard coops, lead lives governed by their instincts, their internal clock, and the safety of their surroundings. But have you ever wondered how long they sleep or what their sleep patterns look like? Let's delve into the world of chicken sleep, exploring everything from their cozy nesting boxes to - [Are Chickens Mammals or Birds?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/are-chickens-mammals-or-birds/) - The classification of animals is a fascinating realm of scientific inquiry, often prompting intriguing questions and discussions. Among these inquiries, one frequently arises: Are chickens mammals or birds? Let's take a closer look and unravel this classification conundrum and shed light on the unique features that distinguish chickens within the animal kingdom. Are Chickens Mammals? The short answer is no, chickens are not - [Effective Ways to Keep Chickens Off Your Patio](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/effective-ways-to-keep-chickens-off-your-patio/) - Many backyard chicken owners face the challenge of keeping their curious hens and roosters away from specific areas like the porch, vegetable garden, or flower beds. - [16 Ways to Keep Chickens from Leaving Your Yard](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/16-ways-to-keep-chickens-from-leaving-your-yard/) - If you’re a chicken lover like me, you know how scary it can be when your chickens travel just a bit too far. A few years ago, we lost 13 birds in one summer. - [Exploring the Regal World of Jubilee Chicken Breeds](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/jubilee-chicken-breeds/) - The Jubilee Orpington chicken is a product of careful breeding and a strong influence from its predecessors, including Buff Orpingtons and Speckled Sussex. - [Should You Clip a Chickens Wings?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/should-you-clip-a-chickens-wings/) - The wings of chickens are equipped with primary and secondary flight feathers, crucial for their ability to fly short distances and evade predators. - [Can Chickens Eat Coffee Grounds? What You Need to Know](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-coffee-grounds/) - Chickens can consume very small amounts of coffee grounds, however, it's essential to exercise caution due to the caffeine content present in coffee grounds. - [Can Chickens Eat Potatoes and Their Skins?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-potatoes/) - Yes, chickens can eat potatoes, but it's crucial to understand that certain parts of the potato plant contain toxic compounds. - [Can Chickens Eat Celery?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-celery/) - Ever since I got backyard chickens, I have been searching “Can chickens eat…” I hate to see food go to waste, so if my feathered friends can eat it, then I would prefer to give it to them. So, what about celery; can chickens eat celery? Yes! Celery is safe for chickens to consume - [What are Lavender Chicken Breeds?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/lavender-chicken-breeds/) - Any chicken breed can have lavender plumage if it carries the lavender gene, however, it is a recessive gene meaning both parents must carry the Lavender gene. - [Can Chickens Eat Dog Food? A Comprehensive Guide](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-eat-dog-food/) - Chickens are known for their big appetites and the ability to eat a wide variety of foods. But can chickens eat dog food? - [Black Meat Chicken Breeds](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/black-meat-chicken-breeds/) - Black meat chicken breeds have a striking black appearance, which extends beyond their feathers to their black bones, dark skin, and even black internal organs. - [Pure Elegance: Top White Chicken Breeds](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/pure-elegance-top-white-chicken-breeds/) - The elegance of all-white chicken breeds is unparalleled. Here are some top breeds to add to your flock. - [Top Chicken Breeds for Large Eggs](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/top-chicken-breeds-for-large-eggs/) - Some breeds are known for producing larger eggs than others, making them an excellent choice for maximizing egg production. - [Fairy Eggs: Understanding Why Chickens Lay Small Eggs](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/fairy-eggs-understanding-why-chickens-lay-small-eggs/) - Tiny chicken eggs, often called fairy eggs or fart eggs, can leave even experienced backyard chicken keepers scratching their heads. - [Is Mulch Safe for Chickens?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/is-mulch-safe-for-chickens/) - For backyard chicken owners, ensuring the safety and well-being of their feathered companions is a top priority. One common concern that comes up every spring is whether mulch is safe for chickens. Whether you’re using mulch around your landscaping or considering putting it in their coop or run, you've probably asked yourself, is mulch safe for - [The Top Quiet Chicken Breeds for Peaceful Coops](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/the-top-quiet-chicken-breeds-for-peaceful-coops/) - The Top Quiet Chicken Breeds for Peaceful Coops Quiet Chickens? I didn’t even know there were loud chickens! I thought only roosters were the loud ones until I started raising backyard chickens for myself. Hens definitely aren’t as loud as roosters, but there are some chatty breeds. Their clucks, cackles, and crowing can add charm to your - [How Much Space Do Chickens Really Need?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-much-space-do-chickens-really-need/) - One of the most important considerations is providing your chickens with enough space to thrive. But how much space do chickens actually need - [Can Chickens Lay Eggs Without a Rooster?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/can-chickens-lay-eggs-without-a-rooster/) - As a dedicated chicken owner, you've probably marveled at the fascinating world of egg production within your flock. The process of female chickens laying eggs is a complex and intriguing aspect of raising backyard chickens. Contrary to popular belief, roosters are not necessary for hens to lay eggs. In this article, we'll explore the egg-laying process, shedding light on how your hens produce those - [A Guide for How Big Silkie Chickens Can Get](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/a-guide-for-how-big-silkie-chickens-can-get/) - While these fluffy, small birds are celebrated for their gentle nature and excellent mothering skills, the question of how big Silkies can get often arises. - [Are Chickens Dinosaurs?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/are-chickens-dinosaurs/) - Chickens are considered descendants of dinosaurs through a common ancestor and the process of evolution - [What is Chicken Grit?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-is-chicken-grit/) - Chickens may not have teeth, but they have a secret weapon to tackle their dietary challenges – chicken g - [Why do Chickens Cluck? Understanding Chicken Sounds](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/why-do-chickens-cluck-understanding-chicken-sounds/) - Chickens have their own language, filled with a variety of sounds that convey different meanings, from "good morning" to the alert "potential predator!" - [Why Chickens Get Eggbound and How to Support Them](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/why-chickens-get-eggbound-and-how-to-support-them/) - Egg binding occurs when a hen is unable to expel an egg in the reproductive tract. This condition can be caused by various factors... - [Understanding and Caring for Broody Hens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/understanding-and-caring-for-broody-hens/) - Broodiness is a natural maternal instinct in hens to incubate and hatch chicks. When a chicken is broody, she becomes highly protective of her nest. - [Are Silkie Chickens Good Egg Layers?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/are-silkie-chickens-good-egg-layers/) - When it comes to backyard poultry, the Silkie chicken stands out with its unique appearance and friendly demeanor. However, a common misconception exists that Silkies are not good egg layers. In this article, we will unravel the myth and explore the truth behind the egg-laying capabilities of Silkie chickens. The Silkie Chicken A Brief Overview Silkie chickens, originally from China are - [Rooster Math: How Many Hens per Rooster](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/rooster-math-how-many-hens-per-rooster/) - Are you the proud keeper of a backyard flock, navigating the complex world of chicken politics, pecking orders, and, of course, the ever-elusive correct rooster-to-hen ratio? If so, you're not alone! As any seasoned chicken enthusiast will tell you, managing the dynamics of your feathered friends is both an art and a science. Let's dive into the - [What Are Male Chickens Called?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/what-are-male-chickens-called/) - While many are familiar with the terms "hen" and "rooster" when it comes to chickens, not everyone may know the different names of a male chicken. - [How to Store and Preserve Fresh Chicken Eggs](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/how-to-store-and-preserve-fresh-chicken-eggs/) - How long can you keep chicken eggs before they go bad? Proper egg storage is crucial to maintaining their freshness and quality. - [Choosing the Best Guard Dogs for Chickens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/choosing-the-best-guard-dogs-for-chickens/) - Choosing the Best Guard Dogs for Chickens Keeping backyard chickens can be a rewarding experience, providing fresh eggs and a charming addition to your home. However, ensuring the safety of your feathered friends is paramount, especially in areas where predators lurk. Enter the unsung heroes of the coop - Man's best friend. It wasn't until we - [Backyard Chickens 101: Essential Chicken Supplies](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/backyard-chickens-101-essential-chicken-supplies/) - So you’ve decided you want to raise backyard chickens. How exciting! I remember when I got my first chickens – man did I have a lot to learn! - [Are Chickens Truly Immune to Snake Venom?](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/are-chickens-truly-immune-to-snake-venom/) - Are chickens immune to snake venom? If you have backyard chickens and have seen snakes in your yard, then I’m sure you’ve asked yourself this very question. ## Pages - [HOME.](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/) - Backyard chicken keeping, simplified Happy Hens.Thriving Flock.Simple Life. Practical guidance, beautiful coop plans, and products designed by a real backyard chicken keeper — for yours. SHOP THE COLLECTION FREE RESOURCES Backyard chicken keeping, simplified Happy Hens.Thriving Flock.Simple Life. Practical guidance, beautiful coop plans, and products designed by a real backyard chicken keeper — for yours. - [SHOP.](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/shop-2/) - The Collection Shop Everything Chicken Coop plans, chicken apparel, accessories and — coming soon — my first original product for baby chicks. Most products are fulfilled via our Etsy shop . Clicking "Shop Now" will take you there. Our original baby chick product will be available directly on this site. CLOTHING TOTE BAG CHICKEN APRONS - [RESOURCES.](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/resources/) - The Backyard Chicken Printable Library Your Free ResourceHub Guides, checklists, charts, and printables for every stage of backyard chicken keeping — all completely free. Everything in this library has been created from real experience with real chickens. Browse by category or download what you need — no strings attached. All resources Baby Chicks Coop & - [8’ x 10’ CHICKEN COOP PLAN](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/8-x-10-chicken-coop-plan/) - Coop Plans 8' x 10' Chicken Coop Plans PDF Designed by us. Built by us. Used every single day. Get the Plans 🐣 Baby Chick Care 🏡 Coop Plans 📚 Free Library 🛒 Etsy Shop Coop overview Everything you needto build it right - [CONTACT.](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/contact-2/) - GET IN TOUCH Hi, I’m Beth! I share about backyard chickens, slow living, and building a simpler life from the ground up. If that sounds like your kind of life, come join me GET IN TOUCH Name Email Message SUBMIT What You’ll Find Here Reflections from the coop. Musings on slow living, simple joys, and seasonal - [ABOUT US.](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/about-us/) - ABOUT BETH My name is Beth Kourik, and I’m so happy you’re here! I share about backyard chickens, slow living, and building a simpler life from the ground up. If that sounds like your kind of life, come join me! MEET BETH I’m a former city girl who traded bright lights for starry nights, and - [The Backyard Chicken Printable Library](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/backyard-chicken-printable-library/) - Inside The Backyard Chicken Printable Library, you’ll find free printables designed to make caring for your flock easier. From chick care and coop checklists to feeding guides and seasonal tips. Download what you need, print what you love, and enjoy your chicken journey with confidence. Browse by category below to find exactly what you need. - [8’ x 10’ Chicken Coop Plans](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/coop-plans/) - Designed by us. Built by us. Used every single day. This is our actual coop. I designed it to be simple, functional, and easy to manage for everyday chicken keeping. We live in Wisconsin, so it’s built to handle harsh winters, but the design works beautifully in any climate. My husband brought my vision to - [Chicken Shop](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/shop/) - Chicken Apparel & Accessories Wear Your Love for Chickens! Love chickens? So do we! We've partnered with OK Tees and Apparel, to create fun, bold, and farm-fresh designs that let you show off your chicken obsession in style. From coasters, hilarious t-shirts to eggstra-special aprons and tote bags, our handcrafted pieces are perfect for backyard - [Disclosure and Privacy Policy](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/disclosure-and-privacy-policy/) - Disclosure This blog is a personal blog written and edited by me. For questions about this blog, please contact beth@citylifetofarmlife.com. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. This blog accepts forms of cash advertising, sponsorship, paid insertions or other forms of compensation. This blog abides by word of mouth marketing standards. We believe - [About](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/about/) - Meet Beth I’m a former city girl who traded bright lights for starry nights, and I’ve never looked back! These days, you’ll find me in Wisconsin, learning the art of living slowly and caring for our growing flock of backyard chickens. Welcome to City Life to Farm Life, my cozy corner of the internet where - [30 Days to a Slower Life Resources](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/slow-living-resources/) - Slow Living Resources Slow Living Action Plan Start your journey toward a calmer, more intentional life with this FREE gentle action plan. You'll receive simple steps to help you slow down, reconnect, and create space for what truly matters. Slow Morning Ritual Checklist Create a peaceful, intentional start to your day with this FREE printable - [30 Days to a Slower Life](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/30-days-to-a-slower-life/) - Ready to Slow Down & Feel Alive Again? Then my 30 Days to a Slower Life eBook is your reset button. This 60-page digital guide is for the busy, the burnt out, the dreamers, and the doers craving a slower, more intentional life. With gentle daily prompts, mindful actions, and soulful reflections, 30 Days to - [Cluckstrology Results](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/cluckstrology-results/) - The 12 Chicken Zodiac Signs Congratulations, you’ve discovered your Chicken Zodiac Sign! But why stop there? Every member of the flock brings their own unique energy, quirks, and wisdom to the coop. Whether you're a fearless Roost Ruler, a laid-back Sunbather, or a mystical Broody Mystic, each sign plays an important role in the grand - [Contact](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/contact/) - Contact Me! - [Blog Posts](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/blog-posts/) - Latest Blog Posts ## Categories - [Backyard Chickens](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/category/backyard-chickens/) - Thinking about raising chickens—or already knee-deep in feathers and feed? You’re in the right place! In my house I’m known as the bird lady. I love my backyard chickens and I am here to share my knowledge! This category is all about sharing the joys (and the occasional chaos) of backyard chicken keeping. From tips for beginners to coop ideas, flock care, and funny stories from my own feathered crew, you’ll find everything you need to keep your hens happy, healthy, and thriving. Whether you’re just starting your homesteading journey or simply love your chickens like family, welcome to the flock! - [Simple & Slow Living](https://citylifetofarmlife.com/category/simple-slow-living/) - Welcome to a slower pace of life—where simplicity, intention, and connection take center stage. In this space, I share mindful ways to embrace everyday moments, live more sustainably, and reconnect with what truly matters. Whether it’s cultivating a peaceful home, savoring seasonal rhythms, or making things from scratch, this category is all about choosing a gentler, more meaningful way of living—one step, one breath, one chicken snuggle at a time.